By Nelson Gozah
The phenomena of consciousness may be far stranger than we realize. Our commonsense view is that consciousness emerges from the complex neural interactions within our brains and ceases at death. But what if consciousness is more fundamental – a part of the very fabric of the universe? What if, at its core, consciousness is a continuous phenomenon that persists beyond the limits of space, time and even life itself?
This idea of a continuum of consciousness – that consciousness exists as an unbroken whole beyond the confines of individual minds – has deep implications. It suggests our notion of a separate “self” may be an illusion, and that consciousness does not emerge from matter but rather pervades it. Consciousness may not originate within our brains, but our brains merely tune into this deeper level of consciousness like a radio tunes into a specific frequency.
If consciousness exists as a continuum, then death of the physical body may not mean the end of conscious experience. Our individual consciousness may remerge with the greater universal consciousness, only to reemerge again in new configurations. What we consider “life” and “death” may instead be phases within an eternal cycle of conscious experience.
The very fabric of reality, as revealed by quantum mechanics, hints at this perspective. Quantum phenomena like nonlocality, superposition and entanglement suggest a fundamental interconnectedness and coherence at the core of the universe. And if consciousness itself is an inherent part of this unified quantum substratum, then it too may exist in a continuous and holistic manner beyond the transient forms we identify with.
The notion of a continual consciousness resonant throughout nature and existence offers a radical new view of who we really are beyond our fleeting biological lives. It hints that we may in fact be more like ripples within an infinite ocean of consciousness – interconnected, eternal and boundless. The true mystery may be not how consciousness arose, but how we ever convinced ourselves it ended.
In this write up, we will delve into the nature of consciousness, the levels and structural function from both the modern psychology and Buddhist perspective . And also look at a hypothetical mechanism of mental continuum based on the workings of alaya-amala levels of consciousness and quantum mechanics principles.
The Nature of Consciousness
Consciousness is perhaps the greatest mystery of the human experience, with an elusive nature that has perplexed philosophers, scientists, and theologians throughout the centuries. In spite of the enormous progress in research and study of the human mind, the definition of consciousness remains elusive and controversial. It is considered the greatest frontier of science, philosophy, and religion, with no universally accepted definition or explanation. The topic of consciousness has been written about extensively, but the elusive nature of this phenomenon means that we are still no closer to a consensus on what it is, how it arises, or what its ultimate purpose might be.
It is worth noting that, the complex and subjective nature of consciousness makes it difficult for researchers to have a single and widely accepted definition. However, in trying to define what consciousness is, it can be loosely described as follows;
Consciousness is the subjective experience and awareness that arises from information integration within a cognitive system, enabling it to perceive, think, feel and report on its internal states and external environment.
The key parts of this definition are:
Subjective experience and awareness – Consciousness involves having rich inner experiences of thoughts, sensations, perceptions and emotions. There is also awareness of those experiences and of one’s surroundings.
Information integration – Consciousness arises from the integration of information within a cognitive system, such as a brain. Complex interactions between different parts of the system give rise to consciousness.
Cognitive system – Consciousness is a property of cognitive systems capable of processing information, like humans and other animals. It depends on the organization and functioning of the system.
Perception, thought and feeling –Consciousness allows the system to perceive the world, form thoughts and concepts, and experience various affective states.
Ability to respond – Conscious systems can communicate and provide feedback on their internal conscious experiences and external environment, while unconscious systems cannot.
Thus, as stated earlier, consciousness can be defined as the subjective awareness that emerges from complex information processing within a cognitive system, enabling it to be aware of itself and its world. However, some schools of thought vehemently assert that, consciousness is not limited to only sentience, but also manifests at the very foundation of insentient beings. But for the purpose of this article, we will be fixated on the consciousness from the human perspective.
The structure of consciousness according to modern Psychology
The modern psychology model of consciousness includes the Freudian and neo-Freudian perspectives. Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, developed the first comprehensive theory of the human mind, which included the concept of the unconscious. According to Freud, consciousness is only a small part of the mind, and most of our mental processes occur at an unconscious level. He believed that the unconscious contains repressed thoughts, feelings, and memories that are too painful or unacceptable to be consciously acknowledged.
Within the Freudian perspective, there are three levels of consciousness: the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. The conscious mind is the part of the mind that we are aware of, while the preconscious mind contains thoughts and memories that can be easily brought into consciousness. The unconscious mind is the largest part of the mind, and it is the storage for repressed thoughts, feelings, and memories that are not accessible to conscious awareness. Freud believed that these repressed thoughts and feelings could give rise to psychological disorders and that therapy could help bring unconscious conflicts into consciousness.
Neo-Freudian theorists, such as Carl Jung and Alfred Adler, expanded on Freud’s ideas, but they also introduced their own concepts. For example, Jung introduced the concept of the collective unconscious, which represents the shared psychological inheritance of all humans, including archetypes and universal symbols that are common to all cultures. Adler, on the other hand, emphasized the role of social factors and the desire for competence and mastery in shaping personality.
Also,Freud expounded that the human mind is divided into three parts: the id, ego, and superego. The id is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification of our basic needs and desires. The ego is the rational and logical part of the mind that mediates between the id and the external world, using defense mechanisms to cope with anxiety and conflict. The superego is the moral and ethical part of the mind that represents society’s values and norms, internalized through socialization and upbringing.
The levels of consciousness according to Buddhist Psychology
There are nine levels of consciousness according to Buddhist teachings. The first five consciousnesses are related to the five senses, while the mind-consciousness is responsible for generating thoughts and emotions. The mano-consciousness creates a sense of self-identity and separation from the external world, while the alaya-consciousness is the storehouse of all our past and present experiences and shapes our present and future experiences based on our karma. The highest level of consciousness is the amala-consciousness, which is pure and unchanging and is the source the creative life force , all wisdom and compassion. This is identified in Nichiren Buddhism as the law of Myoho Renge Kyo..
Sensory Consciousnesses:
The first five consciousnesses are related to the five senses and are considered the lower or more superficial levels of consciousness. These include the consciousness of sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch. These consciousnesses are responsible for our ability to perceive the world around us through our senses. However, they are also subject to illusions and delusions, which can distort our perception of reality.
Mind(6th) Consciousness:
The mind-consciousness is responsible for generating thoughts and emotions. It is the seat of our conscious awareness, and it allows us to think, reason, and make decisions. The mind-consciousness is closely tied to our sense of self, as it is responsible for creating our subjective experience of the world.
Mano (7th) Consciousness:
The mano-consciousness is responsible for creating a sense of self-identity and a distinction between “self” and “other.” It is the source of our desires and illusions, as it creates a sense of separation between ourselves and the external world. This separation can lead to attachment to material possessions, as we seek to define and enhance our sense of self through external objects and achievements.
This is where the inborn fear of death resides stemming from the perception that the conscious level of awareness will disappear upon death.
Alaya (8th) Consciousness:
The alaya-consciousness is the storehouse of all our past and present experiences, both positive and negative. That is, the repository of all causal energies we have accrued and keep accruing throughout time. It is the source of our habits, tendencies, and predispositions, as it shapes our present and future experiences based on our past actions and thoughts. The alaya-consciousness is closely tied to the concept of karma, as it determines the quality of the experiences we attract and create in our lives. It is believed to be the foundation of the stream of consciousness that create the mental construct of time.
According to Buddhist teachings, the continuum of consciousness is the underlying thread that connects all of our experiences and lifetimes. The Alaya consciousness is said to be the foundation of this continuum, as it stores all of our past experiences and shapes our present and future experiences based on our karma.
As we go through life, we create new experiences and accumulate new karma, which are added to the Alaya consciousness. These experiences and karma shape our tendencies, habits, and predispositions, which in turn influence our future experiences. This creates a feedback loop that perpetuates the cycle of birth and death.
However, the continuum of consciousness is not fixed or predetermined. Through the practice of Nichiren Buddhism, we can transform our negative karma and awaken the Amala consciousness, which is the pure and enlightened consciousness. By doing so, we can break free from the sufferings of the cycle of birth and death.
That is, the Alaya consciousness is a key component of the continuum of consciousness, which connects all of our experiences and lifetimes.
Amala (9th) Consciousness:
The amala-consciousness is the highest level of consciousness, and it is considered to be pure and unchanging. It is the source of all wisdom and compassion, and it is the consciousness that is awakened through the practice of mantra meditation (chanting)and the study of the Lotus Sutra. The amala-consciousness is believed to be the true nature of all beings, and the ultimate goal of Nichiren Buddhism is to awaken this consciousness and attain Buddhahood.
The 9th Consciousness is that which is said to be pure and unchanging and serve as the ultimate ground of existence. It is also known as the “pure consciousness” or “enlightened consciousness.” It is also the universal field of Emptiness from which all phenomena arises and recedes. This consciousness is the highest level of consciousness and is considered to be the source of the universal creative force, all wisdom and compassion. It is the consciousness that is awakened through the practice of chanting Nam-myoho-renge-kyo and the study of the Lotus Sutra which is believed to contain the highest teachings of the Buddha.
The Quantum perspective
In Quantum Neurology, it is well noted that the energy of consciousness resides in the microtubules of the neurons. And that the microtubules of the brain cells are the primary sites for quantum processing. Thus, our subjective experience of self awareness is the result of quantum gravity effects in the neuro-microtubules. The brain cells act as the receptors and amplifiers of the product of consciousness that is intrinsic to the fabric of spacetime.
Roger Penrose postulated in his Orchestrated objective reduction (Orch -OR ) that consciousness originates at the quantum level inside neurons, rather than the conventional view that it is merely a product of connections between neurons. The theory asserts that consciousness derives from quantum vibrations in neuro-microtubules. The Neuro-microtubles are made up of polymers of tubulin proteins that organize intra-neuronal activities.
As demonstrated by Penrose and Hameroff, microtubules exhibit orchestrated quantum superpositions encoding inputs and memories as entangled qubits of collective quantum dipole oscillations. These processes at the quantum level govern neuronal and synaptic function, and connect brain processes to self-organizing processes in the fine scale “proto-conscious” quantum structure of reality.
Hiroomi Umezawa also interpreted memory and other conscious phenomena as the result of the energy exchange of energy particles in the cerebral cortical field.
Drawing inferences from the quantum processes, A near-death experience would occur when the quantum information that resides in the microtubules of the neurons dissipates into the universal quantum field and get re-established in the microtubules following effective resuscitation.When in response to certain conditions, the heart stops beating, the blood supply to vital organs especially the brain comes to a halt, this causes the neuro-microtubules to lose their quantum state. However, the quantum information within the microtubules are not lost, but rather dissipates into the vast field of energy.
Now, by the principle of indestructibility of energy and matter, the energy of consciousness does not get destroyed or annihilated but remains in a latent state of superposition until it meets the fine-tuned conditions for it to be re-established in an appropriate biogenic environment -ie at conception. And again starting anew a unique life process and course.
In western classical science, the sex cells are viewed as the sole prerequisite for conception, maintaining that only the fusion of the sex gametes is essential for the emergence of sentient life. However by contrast, a comprehensive view of the nature of sentience posit that not only the spermatozoa and ovum but also a “life-essence”-in the latent state of intermediate existence and with a “quantum information” that matches the conditions of conception, hereditary, family and social conditions, into which the life will be born are each necessary for human life to come into being.
Thus conception is the harmonious union of a “superimposed-sentient-life-essence”(intrinsic cause) ,spermatozoon and ovum(extrinsic cause). To illustrate, a couple has intercourse and fertilization is about to take place. Due to the combination of DNA from both parents, their potential child will inherit the gene for a birth defect.
Conception cannot take place, however, without the “availability” of a “life-essence” in the latent intermediate stage of existence that made the causes to experience the effects of being born with and suffering from the birth defect. The life and quantum information of parents and child must all align..
“It is worth noting that the workings of karma is not mechanistic, fatalistic or deterministic. Thus the child might not necessarily create the specific karmic cause leading to being born with a congenital defect .According to quantum principles, the child and the parent should not be seen as isolated systems. They are entangled – the actions and experiences of the parent can directly influence the child, even prior to birth. So the child may experience congenital anomalies not through their own karmic causes but due to the karmic-biological causes of the entangled parent. The child is affected not through their own actions but by association with the parent.
Also it’s acknowledged that, congenital anomalies on the physical dimension are manifestation of genetic and epigenetic mutations, not necessarily caused by karma. But karma is meta-genetic , transphysical and hence function more at the quantum level beyond the physicochemical level. It can be seen as the noumena that underlies the phenomena of genetics. Karma may play a role but it is overly simplistic to attribute all congenital anomalies to it. “
At the end of ones life, one’s mental energy does not come to an end in the literal sense. Instead, it continues to exist latently as quantum information with the potentials of assuming another form when activated by external conditions.
Also, it’s important to note that, life takes on no physical entity after death, nor does a “soul” or “spirit” continue to exist as a fixed entity. There is no fixed “self” that lives on as an unchanging entity.
It can therefore be concluded that, it is one’s“resultant quantum information” also known as “karmic-information” in the deepest recesses of consciousness that continues throughout the latent phase of existence until that “karmic-information” meets the appropriate external causes and conditions before it takes on another physical form again.
And that, after one’s life-essence takes on another physical form, it continues to exist and evolve based on both internal and external causal conditions and until it eventually declines into latency again where it fuses back with the vast ocean of consciousness.
And yet another life cycle start again out of ontological emptiness into manifestation and follows the natural course of existence and non-existence. This continues ad infinitum.
A hypothetical mechanism of rebirth based on quantum principles and the concept of alaya-amala consciousness can be expressed as follows;
According to Quantum Neurology, as stated above, consciousness arises from the quantum activity in the microtubules of the brain. At the time of death, this quantum information representing an individual’s essence of consciousness becomes entangled with the quantum vacuum or universal field. This is the alaya and amala level of consciousness which underlies all of existence.
The alaya-amala field contains the potentials for all possible manifestations of consciousness, hence it’s the universal field of quantum emptiness. It is the ground state from which consciousness continually emerges, evolves and recedes.
At the time of death, an individual’s superficial levels of consciousness (ie the functions of the first seven(7) levels of consciousness) recedes into this ground state(Alaya-Amala field) merging back into the interconnected web of consciousness from which it arose.
Although the individual psychosomatic self dissolves at death, the quantum information that represents the essence of that individual is not destroyed. It continues to exist in a latent, potential state as probabilities in the alaya/amala field. This is similar to how subatomic wave particles can exist in a superposition of multiple possible states in the quantum realm.
When the appropriate conditions arise for that individual’s consciousness to become manifest again, such as at the time of conception, the quantum information that represents that individual’s essence gets activated and gives rise to a new physical life form. The new life form of consciousness then continues to evolve based on both past influences and new experiences.
With each life forms, consciousness manifests anew but still retains a sublime continuity with its previous manifestations, similar to how quantum particles arise from the vacuum but still remain fundamentally interconnected. There is both unity and individuality, both interconnectedness and distinct life forms.
As stated earlier, Although rebirth allows for continuity of consciousness, there is no fixed or unchanging “self” or “soul” that persists unchanged from lifetime to lifetime. The reborn consciousness in each lifetime is shaped by both past influences and present experiences, thus allowing for both continuity and change, both karma and free will.
In this way, rebirth can be seen as a continual process of consciousness emerging from the alaya/amala ground state, manifesting in physical form, evolving based on life experiences, receding back into the ground state at death, remaining in potentiality, and then emerging and manifesting again at conception to continue the cycle. This allows for both continuity of consciousness and renewal with each rebirth.
This is one hypothetical explanation for how rebirth could work based on quantum principles and the concept of alaya/amala consciousness as the ground state from which consciousness perpetually emerges and recedes.
The Quantum basis
Quantum mechanics is a framework that describes the behavior of particles at the subatomic level. While there is no direct evidence to support the idea of rebirth, one possible way to explain it using quantum principles is through the concept of entanglement.
Entanglement is a phenomenon where two particles can become correlated in such a way that the state of one particle is dependent on the state of the other, even when they are separated by large distances. This suggests that particles are not independent entities but are interconnected in a fundamental way.
If we accept the idea that consciousness arises from the activity of the brain, then we can speculate that the consciousness of an individual at the time of death may become entangled with the quantum state of the brain.
This could potentially result in the transfer of consciousness to another physical body at some point in the future, giving rise to the concept of rebirth.
This hypothesis can be summarized in the points below;
-Just as particles can become entangled and interconnected at the quantum level, perhaps consciousness can also become entangled and interconnected with the physical world in a way that allows for rebirth.
-Imagine a game of quantum billiards, where the balls represent particles and the pockets represent physical bodies. In this game, the balls can become entangled with the pockets, causing them to transfer between pockets in a seemingly random and unpredictable way. Could this be a metaphor for the way consciousness might transfer between physical bodies through the phenomenon of entanglement?
– If we think of the universe as a vast, interconnected web of particles and forces, then perhaps consciousness is also a part of this web, entangled with the physical world in a way that allows for the possibility of rebirth.
-Quantum mechanics teaches us that particles can exist in multiple states at once, and that these states can become entangled with each other. Could consciousness also exist in multiple states, and could these states become entangled with physical bodies in a way that allows for the phenomenon of rebirth?
-In the world of quantum mechanics, particles can be both waves and particles at the same time. Perhaps consciousness can also be both individual and interconnected at the same time, allowing for the possibility of rebirth as a continuation of a larger consciousness.
Reiterating this in poetic verse;
In the vast and infinite expanse of the universe, matter and energy dance and intertwine, constantly changing and evolving in a cosmic ballet. In this dance of creation, particles exist in multiple states simultaneously, until observed or measured.
In the same way, consciousness is not limited to the physical body, but rather can exist beyond death, taking on new forms in the cycle of birth and death. The underlying field of Emptiness is the fundamental aspect of existence from which all phenomena arise, much like the quantum field is the fundamental aspect of reality from which all particles and waves arise.
As particles and waves arise from the quantum field, so too does consciousness arise from the underlying field of Emptiness. This intimate connection between consciousness and the underlying field of Emptiness is at the heart of the possibility of Rebirth in Nichiren Buddhism.
Just as particles can become entangled and influence each other’s behavior, regardless of their physical distance from each other, so too can consciousness become entangled with other phenomena and take on new forms in the cycle of birth and death. The interdependence and interconnectedness of all things in Nichiren Buddhism suggest that consciousness is not limited to the individual, but rather is a part of the vast and infinite cosmic dance.
In this dance of creation, the possibility of Rebirth is a reminder that the cycle of birth and death is not an end, but rather a continuation of the eternal dance of creation. Through this understanding, we can cultivate wisdom and compassion, and work towards the goal of attaining enlightenment and liberation from the sufferings of the cycle of birth and death.
On building on poetic interpretation of Rebirth in Nichiren Buddhism using the concepts of quantum mechanics, there are several additional aspects to consider.
One of the central principles of Nichiren Buddhism is the interconnectedness and interdependence of all phenomena. This principle is reflected in the principles of quantum mechanics, which suggest that the universe is an interconnected web of energy and matter. In Nichiren Buddhism, the cycle of birth and death is seen as a natural part of this interconnected web, with consciousness playing an integral role in the dance of creation.
The concept of entanglement in quantum mechanics is particularly relevant to the idea of Rebirth in Nichiren Buddhism. Entanglement refers to a situation where two particles become connected in such a way that their states are dependent on each other, even when separated by large distances. In Nichiren Buddhism, the idea of entanglement suggests that consciousness can become connected to other phenomena, creating a web of interdependence that extends beyond the individual.
Furthermore, the concept of the quantum field in quantum mechanics is similar to the idea of Emptiness in Nichiren Buddhism. Emptiness refers to the idea that all phenomena lack inherent existence or self-nature, and that they arise in dependence upon other phenomena. This is similar to the idea in quantum mechanics that particles and waves arise from the quantum field, which is the fundamental aspect of reality.
Ultimately, the possibility of Rebirth in Nichiren Buddhism is a reminder of the interconnectedness and interdependence of all things, and the cyclical nature of existence. By understanding and embracing this principle, individuals can cultivate wisdom and compassion, and work towards the goal of attaining enlightenment and liberation from the illusions and sufferings of birth and death.
The idea of the continuum of consciousness, as presented above, is based on a number of scientific and philosophical theories, including quantum physics and Buddhist philosophy.
At its core, the continuum of consciousness suggests that consciousness is not a fixed or permanent entity, but rather a dynamic and ever-changing process that is intimately connected to the fabric of reality. This process is thought to be mediated by quantum processes in the microtubules of neurons in the brain, as well as by the exchange of energy particles in the cerebral cortical field.
The idea that consciousness is a quantum phenomenon is based on the work of scientists like Roger Penrose and Stuart Hameroff, who have proposed that consciousness arises from quantum vibrations in the microtubules of neurons. According to this theory, the quantum information encoded in microtubules is responsible for the subjective experience of self-awareness.
The continuum of consciousness also incorporates ideas from Buddhist philosophy, which suggests that consciousness is a continuous process that exists beyond death and rebirth. According to this view, consciousness is not tied to a fixed or permanent entity, such as a soul or spirit, but rather arises from the interaction of various causes and conditions.
The idea of karma, or the idea that our actions have consequences that shape our future experiences, is also central to the continuum of consciousness. According to this view, the information encoded in our consciousness at the time of death continues to exist in a latent state, until it is activated by external conditions and takes on a new form in another life cycle.
Overall, the continuum of consciousness suggests that consciousness is a dynamic and ever-changing process that exists beyond death and rebirth, and that is intimately connected to the fabric of reality. This view challenges traditional Western notions of consciousness as a fixed or permanent entity, and offers a more holistic and interconnected view of the nature of reality.
It should be noted that while the idea of entanglement and other concepts of quantum mechanics can be used as a metaphor to explain the concept of rebirth in Nichiren Buddhism, it is important to recognize that these are still speculative and theoretical ideas, and there is currently no direct scientific evidence to support the concept of rebirth.
However, the use of quantum mechanics as a metaphor can help to illustrate some of the key ideas and principles of Nichiren Buddhism, such as the interconnectedness and interdependence of all things, and the cyclical nature of existence.
The concept of entanglement is particularly relevant, as it suggests that particles can become connected in a way that transcends physical distance and boundaries. In the same way, consciousness may be able to become entangled with other phenomena, creating a web of interdependence that extends beyond the individual.
The idea of the quantum field is also relevant, as it suggests that all particles and waves arise from a fundamental field of energy and matter. In Nichiren Buddhism, this fundamental aspect of reality is known as Emptiness, and is seen as the underlying nature of all phenomena.
Conclusion
The concept of rebirth in Nichiren Buddhism in the light of quantum mechanics is based on the idea that consciousness is not limited to the physical body, but rather can exist beyond death, taking on new forms in the cycle of birth and death. This idea is supported by the principle of interdependence and interconnectedness, which suggests that consciousness is not an isolated entity, but rather a part of the vast and infinite cosmic dance.
By understanding and embracing these principles, individuals can cultivate wisdom and compassion, and work towards the goal of attaining enlightenment and liberation from the illusions and sufferings of birth and death. While the exact mechanisms of rebirth may remain a mystery, the principles and ideas of Nichiren Buddhism can offer a framework for understanding the nature of existence and our place within it.
Additional points to consider regarding the continuum of consciousness
• Consciousness may be a fundamental aspect of reality. Just as matter and energy are fundamental, consciousness could be an innate part of the universe. Some theories suggest that consciousness existed even before the Big Bang and helped give rise to the physical world.
• Consciousness may not end at physical death. If consciousness is a fundamental aspect of reality, it may continue beyond the death of the physical body in some form. This is the basis for concepts like Rebirth, the afterlife and quantum immortality. However, consciousness may take on new forms and not necessarily remain fixed as a “self.”
• Consciousness may be holographic and nested. Like a hologram, where every part contains the whole image, perhaps consciousness contains the entirety of the universal consciousness within it. And within that is consciousness of smaller systems, all the way down to the fundamental level.
• Consciousness may recur and evolve. If consciousness is fundamental and does not end at death, it could re-emerge in new systems and evolve over time. Some speculate we may be part of an ever-evolving universal consciousness that recycles and progresses in complexity.
• Consciousness may be entangled. Quantum entanglement suggests that particles can be correlated in a way that transcends space and time. Perhaps consciousness can also be entangled, allowing information to be shared nonlocally between conscious systems. This could explain phenomena like telepathy and “collective consciousness.”
Ultimately, the exact nature and origins of consciousness remain a mystery. But contemplating ideas like the continuum of consciousness can provide fresh perspectives that challenge our conventional assumptions about reality, self and the true nature of consciousness.
I AM NOT YVONNE NELSON.pdfDownload
REFERENCES;
1. Hameroff, S. and Penrose, R., 2014.
2. Umezawa, H., 1993. Advanced field theory: micro, macro, and thermal physics. American Institute of Physics.
3. Nichiren, 1997. The Writings of Nichiren Daishonin, volume 1. Soka Gakkai.
4. Stapp, H. P., 2007. The mindful universe: Quantum mechanics and the participating observer. Springer Science & Business Media.
5. Vedral, V., 2010. Decoding reality: The universe as quantum information. Oxford University Press, USA.
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